Insights
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Beijing Is Not Coercing Spain: Madrid Is Providing the Influence for Free
Research Areas: EU Single Market, Institutions, and Governance Far East Industrial and Competitiveness Policy Trade, Globalisation and SecurityIn 2025, Spain became one of the primary targets of Chinese investments in Europe, with EV-related commitments up 147 per cent – third in Europe...
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Affordability and CSA2
The Horizontal Working Party on Cyber Issues has spent four months debating whether the Commission’s revised Cybersecurity Act will damage...
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Who Shall Inherit the Cookie Banner?
The Digital Omnibus is sold as a simplification. But it also builds in a kill switch on European ad-funded media and small businesses. The final...
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China Brings Trade Law to Cybersecurity
What EU cyber attachés and trade counsellors need to know about CSA2 and the WTO. In a rather unusual move, the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) of the...
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Cybersecurity Act 2 and National Security: Same as It Ever Was
Much of CSA2 Is Already National Law As the Council has begun its deliberations on Cybersecurity Act 2 (CSA2), its controversial Section 4 on supply...
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Determinants of 5G Deployment: How Scale, Regulations, and Market Structure (but Not Restrictions) Matter
Research Areas: Data, AI, and Emerging TechnologiesWhat factors determine the adoption and investments into new digital technologies? In the past, the concept of a digital divide assumed that there...
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EU-Indonesia CEPA: Maybe Signed, but Not Yet Sealed
Research Areas: EU Single Market, Institutions, and Governance South Asia and Oceania Trade, Globalisation and SecurityBackground The political agreement on the EU-Indonesia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in July was rushed by political optics,...
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Nicotine Lawfare: Sweden and Spain’s Options in Settling the Dispute Over Novel Products
Research Areas: EU Single Market, Institutions, and Governance Industrial and Competitiveness PolicyThe Internal Market began—and remains—a construct completed through dissension, rather than through an evolution of harmonious cooperation and...
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Shaping an Infrastructure Security Area in the North Atlantic
Research Areas: EU Single Market, Institutions, and Governance North America Trade, Globalisation and SecurityIntroduction The North Atlantic quadrant encompasses the United States, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the United Kingdom, and the Nordic Peninsula. At...
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Korea’s New AI Law: Not a Progeny of Brussels
Background to the Korean law On the 26th of December 2024, Korea’s National Assembly passed the ‘Act on the Development of AI and Establishment...
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5G Toolbox in 2025: A Question of Trust
Research Areas: Data, AI, and Emerging Technologies EU Single Market, Institutions, and Governance North AmericaState of the EU 5G Security Toolbox In October 2019, we published a short illustrated comment explaining how Europe's approach to 5G security...
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The Importance of Digital Standards for Services Trade
Research Areas: Data, AI, and Emerging Technologies Industrial and Competitiveness Policy Trade, Globalisation and SecurityDigital services trade is a fundamental and growing element of our shared economic future. But policy makers are disrupting cross-border ecosystems...